Street Gangs Essay Example

Street Gangs Essay A street gang is a group of young people, with a common identity, and mainly engages in criminal activities.   Most members in a street gang are between the ages of 11 and 21.   These cohesive groups have a recognizable geographical territory, a leadership, levels of organized continuous criminal activities and a purpose.   The street gangs have a common identifying symbol and a known leadership who associate themselves with criminal activities. These groups have a very close relationship and they support one another in their delinquent behaviours. Street gangs may have the commission of one or more criminal acts including murder, firearms or explosives violations, obstruction of justice, narcotics distribution and other violent offenses such as carjacking, assault, burglary and threats. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). For a gang to be identified as a street gang it must have engaged in a collective of criminal activities.   Street gangs may be traditional, national, ethnic or geographical affiliated. These young adults use group intimidation and violence to perform criminal activities in order to earn power and control over certain activities.   These groups are usually unpredictable and unstructured.   Their activities sometimes have no financial gain or a hidden motive. In America, gang activity started in New York during the 19th century.   These gangs erupted form poor sections of the city and they were formed on strong ethnic identities, usually Irish.   Five paints is an example of a gang that was formed during this period.   They robbed, mugged and fought with others gangs.   During the 20th century, street gang activity became rampant although they were making composed of black or Hispanic origin.   During the 1950s and 1960s, those street gangs were found in major cities with European gangs vanishing. We will write a custom essay sample on Street Gangs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Street Gangs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Street Gangs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Narcotics and firearms became very prevalent in the 1970s and 1980’s.   Those two items attracted more teenagers to join the street gangs.   Firearms made street gangs more violent and increased criminal activities during that period. (Thornberry, T. P., Krohn, M. D., Lizotte, A. J., Smith, C. A., Tobin, K. (2003). Street gangs were formed initially for self –protection of family and friends within the same neighbourhood but later progressed to criminal acts that provided a source of income.   Street gangs from different neighbourhool or ethnic groups have been involved in several violence acts against each other to gain power or control over a certain activity. Gangs form the same neighbourhoods have also been involved in vivacity and violence. The first original street gang was formed by a group of students as an informal sports organization in 1970.   The groups name as founded on the address where they lived.   In Chicago the first gangs were formed on ethnic lives by the volunteers of five departments.   The different department of five fighters competed against each other and formed gangs that were later taken to the street.   During the early 20th century, polish and Italian gangs became the most common in Chicago. European – American street gangs were formed in 1780s by young people who were sported hanging out on street corners.   These gangs were formed to protect their neighbor hoods from their rivals.   These groups basically fought for control over street corners and other open lots.   This is where they held their meetings.   The gangs, however, were not based on ethnicity because the same neighbourhood could have a host of nationalities.   These gangs emerged in cities where poor communities lives together. Young adults joined a street gang in order to feel a sense of belonging.   A gong promised to give its members identity. Belonging, wealth, discipline and drugs.   Other young people join the gangs out of fear and intimidations from their peers. (Duffy, M. P. Gillig, S. E. (Eds.). (2004). Street gangs are divided in three major groups based on location, activities and entry requirements.   Ethnic gangs are based on nationality or race of the members. Most ethnic gangs unite on the basis of the ethnicities they hate.   The skinhead gangs and Neo-Nazi gangs both have hatred for Jews, blacks and non-protestant Christians.   Turf gangs are defined by the territories depending on the location of the neighbourhood.   The gangs name themselves by the areas they control and punish gangs that wander into their territory.   These territory barriers have been the cause of many rivalry and violence between street gangs. Prison gangs are formed when members of a street gang are arrested and taken to prison. Members from the same street gang may form a common gang or join other larger street gangs in the prison. Gang members attract children and young teenagers by showing off their lucrative lifestyles and amounts of money. These street gangs recruit young children who are unsuspecting to use them for trafficking drugs and carrying weapons, because they do not attract much attention form the police.   Street gangs recruit their members by performing an initiation; new members have to endure some rites which include â€Å"Jumping in†.   This is when a new member is beaten up by all old gang members.   The new members can also be told to participate in a mission such as steering or killing someone.   Some street gangs have a tattoo gang symbols which new members are required to get. The lifestyle of street gang members involve drinking and doing drugs, hanging around the neighbourhood and sleeping late at night.   During their meetings street gangs sell drugs and commit crimes like breaking stores and theft.   Street gangs believe that to gain power and respect they must commit violent crimes.   Street gangs have signs and ways of identifying themselves and these include similar modes of dressing or having a particular gang colour.   For example the vice Lord’s wear black as their symbol. Street gangs have their own graffiti which symbolize them.   They make these graffiti all around their neighbourhoods to mark heir territories. Street gang believes that invading another gang’s territory and marking it with their symbol or oven destroying their symbol is unforgivable and it calls for war.   Gangs that want to street gangs have hand signals which signify gang membership and loyalty. Graffiti is the commonest way of gang members to communicate.   Graffiti provides adequate information about a gang’s membership and the gang’s growth.   Many street gangs refer to graffiti as their newspaper for communicating messages, warnings or announcements.   Some gangs use secret codes and alphabets as their symbols which can only be interpreted by gang members. (Tovares, R. D. (2002). Tattoos are a common practice used among street gangs to show their membership.   These tattoos are adopted as a way of expressing loyalty to the gang.   All street gangs today are involved in drug trafficking.   Gang members sell drugs and alcohol to earn income.   They are also involved in acts of violence such as robbery and theft.   Members of street gangs are involved in drug abuse activities apart form seeking them   in fact the commonest practice among street gangs is trafficking and use of drugs, street gangs have started recruiting young children to traffic drugs and carry firearms and weapons because, the police do not suspect children much. Street gangs have initiations which are used to recruit new members into the gang.   These initiation ceremonies involve violent acts, where new members are beaten up by all old gang members.   These initiations are very brutal and may result to death or permanent injury.   Some street gangs do not accept a new member, unless he has killed someone or stolen a car.   For women and young girls to be accepted in a street gang, they are forced to have sex with the men in the gangs and other times they are raped.   Just like getting into a gang is difficult, getting out is more difficult and a gang member may be killed on deciding to leave the gang. Some street gang practices are very brutal and heartless. Gang members aim at leaving permanent scares on their victims.   One merciless practice performed by street gangs is the ‘Buck 50’, in this practice a member will slash another person’s face deeply, usually requiring around 50 stitches to repair. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs are highly concentrated in large urban areas. Those urban areas provide a conducive environment for gang activity.   The activity includes drug trafficking, selling firearms, stealing cars and robberies.   In the urban areas different street gangs will fight for control of a particular street corners which is well hidden form the activities.   Street gangs are righting populated in areas overwhelmed by poverty in the urban areas.   Street gangs usually originated from slum areas or less developed areas.   The youth in a certain neighbourhood may decide to form a gang with the innocent intention that they gang will be used to protect its members and also be a source of income. Street gangs can also be formed by teenagers in schools.   Schools that are found in highly populated cities stricken with poverty have a high tendency of forming street gangs.   Schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in urban areas form.   Street gangs move often than schools in rural areas.   School children in urban areas are used to traffic drugs by drug peddlers in the cities and as a result they accumulate the children in the street gangs.   Belonging to street gang is a major achievement for school going children.   They feel they have power and control by assessing drugs in schools.   Being in contact with the known drug peddlers also makes them respect among their colleagues. The MS-B street gang is the most violent street gang in the United States today.   It is mainly composed of Mexican nationals.   It is also the most largest street gang in the united state.   The 18th street gang is also a well known street gang in the United States which used violence and intimidation to spread narcotics its territory. Mara Salvatrucha is a street gang which is not afraid or intimidated easily by the authority.   This gang has been responsible for shooting several law enforcement offices and executing federal agents who interfere with its activities. Black gangster disciples, vice lords and Almighty Latin kings all based in Chicago are very notorious in drug trafficking.   They are known to use violence to control their territories and spread drugs and firearms.   Other notorious gangs in the united state include Hoover crisp, bounty Hunter Bloods and Rolling 60s crisp.   Those street gangs have very well structured organizations in their drug operation. (Wiener, V. (1999).   These organizations involve the authority and become very difficult to penetrate and break.   The organization mainly involves young adults who are used to channel profits to the top of the organization.   What makes the street gangs lucrative is the thousand of outlet in major neighbourhoods, millions of potential new customers and the always readily available jobs. Street gangs have caused a lot of violence among the public and disrupted so man lives. Robbery, carjacking, mobbing, vandalizing are some of the activities performed by these gangs.   Ã‚   Street gangs have rules among them that warn against trusting the future. Their unconcern for personal safety and other delinquent behaviors are weak concepts of future stability. Street gang members are ware that any thing can erupt without warning but still they lack any future expectations. Control or be controlled is another rule used by street gang members. They believe in respect and that one has to control another person and gain respect or be controlled by the other person and respect them. Gang members will use money, violence and disrespect the authority to gain control over a territory. This rule implies people outside the gang to mimic the lifestyle of gang members. It also inspires gang members to use abuse and violence and protect their geographical territory. This rule of control or be controlled has also created very stable relationships in a gang. Street gangs have a rule that enable them to treat insiders and outsiders differently. Members of the same gang use symbols like graffiti, similar ways of dressing, hand signals and a common language for identity. This enables them to distinguish the insider from the outsider. Street gangs use this rule to create identity, belonging, security and acceptance. It also brings unity and loyalty in the gang because they express their frustration and anger on the outsiders. Most street gangs are unsophisticated with a structure that is more horizontal than vertical. The characteristics of street gangs are very exposing. Their leadership is more expected and their ways to resolve conflicts is based on power and revenge. Street gangs have been categorized in three major groups. These include first generation gangs, second generation gangs and third generation gangs. The first generation gangs are based on territories and turfs. Their main concern is to protect their neighborhoods and gain small petty cash.   This category of street gangs rarely engages in criminal acts but when they do, they base it on locality and societal violence. The second generation of street gangs is usually business oriented. Their main aim is business and commercial gain. Unlike the first generations that has a loose leadership; the leadership in second generation is more sophisticated and centralized. Members target more on drug trafficking. These gangs extend their operations beyond their neighborhoods and cities and use high violence to control and protect their markets. Second Generation Street gangs use violence to incapacitate law enforcement efforts that are directed against them and as a result they have brought in security in communities. They are also known to be involved with larger transnational criminal organizations. Third Generation Street gangs are larger with broader drug markets and more sophisticated criminal organizations. These gangs have broader political objectives and acquire political control over areas of their interest that the poorly governed. Control of political powers provides security and freedom of the gang activities. The gang leaders in these gangs act more like warlords or drug barons because they gain control of a specific political region and as a result take treasures to protect the gang’s movement’s and activities. The third generation street gangs have succeeded in reconstructing a nation’s government politically, socially and economically. (Manwaring, M. G. (2005). Street gangs have caused a lot of havoc in the society by bringing violence, drug trafficking, recruitment of young children and political assassinations.

The Bolsheviks Victory †History Essay

The Bolsheviks Victory – History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Bolsheviks’ Victory History Essay The Bolsheviks were victorious because they were a stronger, more cohesive team than those of the White Army. It can be argued that for any civil war to come to a definite end, one side must be decisively victorious. Since history can attest to the Bolsheviks’ victory, it can be argued that they won primarily because of their own strengths and not because of their enemies’ shortcomings. When examined more closely, it can be seen that the Bolsheviks’ were superior in their economic, military and political policies and could therefore decisively defeat the White Army. Centralized Position (Economic Strengths) Seized power in Petrograd, Moscow and consolidated their power in Central Russia, forcing Whites to build bases in largely non-Russian territories Bolsheviks controlled populated urban centres, industry and fertile agricultural lands. They had prepared defence positions that were easy to defend against White attacks – and they were forced to attack to try and wrestle the two capitals away. With such heavily industrialized region, the Bolsheviks were less dependent on foreign aid than Whites. Bolsheviks were able to coordinate military operations in a more rational way, especially with use of railways. Superior Army Administration (Military Strengths) Red army adopted best aspects of Imperial army – especially administration, barracks and depots Had strict mobilization orders and were methodical about them May 1918 – 306,000 men Dec 1920 – over 445,000 administrators alone Mobilized 5.5 million men, 800,000 were actual combatants This was only possible through the cooperation and coordination of the military, security and political organizations. Trotsky not afraid to discard â€Å"revolutionary innovations† to make Red Army efficient effective No longer elected by men, but appointed w/ authority ? Appointed former Imperial officers to command (called Specialists) o Had party Cadres attached to every one, to keep an eye on them so they don’t defect o Held their families hostage to ensure loyalty o Efficient use of Cheka Security to keep Red Army in check (Capital punishment used) Trotsky not afraid to reorganize command structure o After loss of Perm in Dec. 1918 ? Understood tactics necessary to quell rebellion by peasants – when negotiations failed, the Cheka stepped in to â€Å"take care† of the peasants ? This form of terror and intelligent organization made the Red Army function in the field of battle ? Raised morale by showing up at front lines ? Red Army is largely responsible for Bolshevik victory ? Bolsheviks’ administration – collected grain efficiently, dealt with White leaders quietly, thoroughly searched for arms and executed those withholding them Ideology and Propaganda (Political Strengths) Based their power on majority of people represented by Soviets – replaced Soviets with only Bolsheviks, claim was now true Nov 1917: Got peasants on their side by proclaiming seized lands now in hands of peasants o Even though contradicting the party’s own precepts He didn’t make extravagant promises – Red propaganda destroyed White claims of restoration of democracy or empire in Russia easily. Handled foreign affairs well – no ties to former allies of Russia: fresh start, new approach. All were politicians, not diplomats, so they could play their enemies off of one another o Whites appeared to be puppets of Britain and France, while Reds were Russian patriots While still extreme, Lenin’s political decisions led Bolsheviks to victory o handing land to peasants o policy of non-commitment to foreign powers o policies came first, civil war later – regular meeting of leadership, held elections All major military decisions were still made by Lenin Counter-Points ? White army had many of the former Imperial Army’s top generals and officers so their high levels in the military had a lot of tactical and strategic experience ? White army practically had the monopoly of former Imperial Administrators, which gave them a distinct advantage in terms of experience on how things should be run. ? The White army not only received financial aid from various global powers, but also received troops to help bolster their ranks from these various powers. Research Papers on The Bolsheviks’ Victory - History EssayAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeQuebec and CanadaBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentThe Hockey GameWhere Wild and West MeetPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAW

Routing Algorithms Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Routing Algorithms - Assignment Example Hence, the technique proactively helps in ascertaining adjacency properties of two or more given nodes. (Perkins and Bhagwat 1994) TORA is a combination of both reactive and proactive techniques. It can be implemented across large and distributed networks without the fear of further complications. TORA can also respond to any modifications in the network topology. Thus, TORA is also ideal for handling dynamic networks, where mobile devices or nodes are actively used. However, â€Å"since multiple paths are used in TORA, routes may not be the shortest ones always† (Logambal and Chitra 2014). It is one of the simplest and earliest routing protocols that can be utilized for generating routing tables. RIP has a primitive design and it may generate very large traffic load in a modern, fully operational computer network. RIP utilizes the  User Datagram Protocol  or UDP for the purpose of its main transport and communication protocol. (Malkin

A Consulting Opportunity in Any Area of Commercial Essay

A Consulting Opportunity in Any Area of Commercial - Essay Example The researcher states that organizations invest in business aspects that would profess in terms of sales. In this sense, businesses invest in such research during emergencies. It is vital to highlight that sales projection would best occur at all periods of a business. In the traditional context, revenue projections and cash flows are viewed as the key controls for managing a business. However, the sales forecast is a vital management of other figures to business. It becomes a critical point of initiating ventures in an existing business. In sales forecasting, consultancy would achieve a different route since it relies on accurate data. This creates a necessity for having a consultancy system that calculates data for a given piece of advice. For established businesses, the consultancy project would help in identifying prior years’ figures that are vital for drafting a sales forecast. This considers the sales’ growth expectations. On the other hand, small businesses woul d necessitate scenarios of studying the industry. This would relate to a compilation of consumers’ profiles and understand the existing and the expected competition. In the end, the consultancy would help in striking the sense of making sales’ projections. It also aims at heralding sales forecasting as a less cryptic endeavor. This is a time series methodology of establishing a sales’ projection according to a manifesting pattern from the earlier period sales. Another method relates to the regression analysis method. This method also utilizes historical sales as a basis for predicting future sales. In this sense, the forecaster strives to foster a relationship between the sales and the independent variables. Autonomous variables encompass the GDP and population. In simple regression analysis, forecasting involves the use of one independent variable. Conversely, multiple regression analysis would entail the employment of two or more independent variables.

Personal Managerial Effectiveness - Assignments Essay

Personal Managerial Effectiveness - Assignments - Essay Example urring of boundaries between nations, immigration reforms and the likes, there is a sudden influx of socio-culturally diverse population in the UK, resulting in a highly diverse workplace (Allard, 2002). These changes in the demographic profile of the country have played a key role in the increased significance of workplace diversity and the need for reforms in workplace related laws. Globalization has opened the gates for firms to compete on a global scale. Organizations today are, hence, not only competing on a local or national level but on a much wider global platform. The markets and the demography of a typical consumer have also changed simultaneously. Hence it is imperative for organizations to ensure increased awareness about the need and significance of workplace diversity (Deborah & Smith, 2003). Positive work environment is one of the most coveted aspects of a workplace that promises to foster harmonious working relationships among the employees and greater individual dignity. Considering the benefits offered by a positive and diverse workplace, organisations today are embracing the concept and reaping the benefits offered by a skilled workforce, hired purely on the basis of talent and skills rather than socio-cultural factors. This report on workplace diversity aims to discuss, analyse and explore the concept of workplace diversity, its application, benefits and implications within workplaces in the UK, and the recommendations for improving workplace diversity. The term diversity with regard to workplace refers to differences among employees with regard to a range of factors including age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and /or disability. It is also used with regard to acceptance and respect for the individual differences (Hankin, 2005: p. 67). Daft (2007) defines workplace diversity as "a workforce made of people with different human qualities or who belong to various cultural groups". It is also defined as "differences among people

Reflective Account Of A Student Placement Within The Community Setting Nursing Essay

Reflective Account Of A Student Placement Within The Community Setting Nursing Essay This assignment will provide a reflective account of a student placement within the community setting. The   reflective   model   Kolbs learning   cycle   (1984) is   often   referred   to   in   describing   experimental   learning   and   can   be   used   in   any   learning   situation.   Reflective practice is important to the development of Mentors as   professionals as   it   enables   us   to   learn   from   our   experiences   of  teaching   and   facilitating   student   learning. Dix and Hughes (2004) recognise that students and learners can benefit from reflective practise. Jasper (2003) also identifies that reflective practise is an essential tool for student nurses to make that very important link between theory and practise. It will also highlight the role of the mentor and look at how the learning outcomes of both the mentor and the student were achieved. According   to   the   Nursing   and   Midwifery   Council   (NMC   2008) the   term  Ã‚   mentor   is   used   to   highlight   the   role   of   a   registered  nurse   who   facilitates learning   and   supervises and   assesses   students   in   the   practice   place.  Ã‚   They   also   identify   the   eight   mandatory   standards   that   must   be  Ã‚   achieved   to   become   a   mentor,   and   within   the   assignment   I   shall   be  Ã‚   referring   to   the Standards   to   Support   Learning   and   Assessment   in  Ã‚   Practice; NMC   standards   for   mentors,   practice   teachers and   teachers,   and  Ã‚   identifying   the   standards   that   mentors require. I   am   a   staff   nurse   working as part of a busy district nursing team   within   the   community setting. I have 5   years   experience as a nurse,   as   I   me ntee   I   will   be   under   the   supervision   of   my   mentor   who   is also   a   staff   nurse   with   over 20 years experience. Who has over   7   years   experience   as a   mentor.    The   student   that   has   been   allocated   to   my   area   of   work   is a   26   year   old   women   who   is at   the   beginning   of   her   2nd   year,   she   has   previously   worked   with   the health   visitor   and   In   a   nursing   home   setting.   Before   starting   her   training   she   worked   as a   carer   in   a   nursing   home   setting   which   has   given   her   confidence   and   personal   experience   outside   her   nurse   training. I   will   be outlining   the   students   journey   whilst   on   their   placement   and   How   I,   with   the   suppo rt   of   my   mentor   provided a   constructive   and   nurturing   learning   environment   for   the   student   to   develop   and   meet   her   learning   outcomes.   To ensure the student has a positive learning experience it is important that the learning environment is supportive for the student and those who work in it . Clarke et al. (2003) makes reference that learning in the clinical environment is very highly valued and this places several demands on clinical areas and staff. The clinic in which I am based has a wealth of mentors and nurses with vast experience. It provides a positive and supportive learning experience to students who are placed with the district nurses. Although the clinic can be unpredictable clinically and tend to have heavy workloads. We have a resource room for students and the staff are always interested in and aware of the students experience whilst on placement.    Our   initial meeting   took   place   on   the   students   first   day   of   the   placement   I   issued her   the   clinics   student   nurse  Ã‚  orientation / resource   pack.   This   provided   her   with   all   the   basic   information  Ã‚   about   the   clinic   and   the   different   members   staff   within   the   team. Also   within   the   pack   was a   copy   of   the   NMC   guide   for   students   of   nursing   (2005) for   her   to   keep   referring   back   to, this   was   to  Ã‚   provide   a   good    introduction   into   the   learning   environment   that   she would   be   in   during   her   placement.   Cahill   (1996)   acknowledges   that   the   single   most   crucial   factor   in   creating   a   positive   learning   environment   is   the   relationship   between  Ã‚   staff   and   the   student   nurses.  Ã‚   She   also   discusses a   common   problem   which   arises   for   students   is   that   they   are   regularly   unable   to   work   with   their   mentor,   so   during   our   initial   meeting   we   discussed   and   planned   her   time table taking   into   account   any   study days she may have.  Ã‚   Kenworthy   and   Nicklin   (2000) comment   that   the   more   comfortable   and  Ã‚   welcome   a   student   feels   within   the   working   environment, the   more    likely   it   is   that  Ã‚   effective   learning   will   take   place   and   the   student   will   become  Ã‚   motivated   to   learn   which   is a   key   factor   in   successful   learning.   During   this   meeting   we   also   outlined   her   learning   needs and   establish   a   learning contract . A   learning   contract   is a   short   agreement   in   writing   between   the   mentor   and   their   student   used   to   ensure   learning   objectives and   module   outcomes are   identified   and   met   throughout   the   placement   (Lowry 1997). Downie and Basford (2003) believe that to identify the learning outcomes at the beginning for the placement is of great benefit to the students. In the learning contract the student outlined she would like to develop skills in the technique of administrating injections. She also expressed an interest in learning the role of a district nurse. It   was   important   for   me   to   know  Ã‚   where   in   her   training   the  Ã‚   student   nurse   was   so   I   could   plan   with   her   effectively   when   supporting   her   in   the   clinical   setting. A   frequently   used   taxonomy  Ã‚   in   nursing   is   the   framework   by   Benner   (2001)   in   which   are  Ã‚   five   levels;   novice, beginner,   competent,   proficient,   and   expert. According   to   Benners   stages   of   clinical   competence   which   shows   the   journey   of   a   novice   to   an   expert   my   student   appeared   to   be   an   advance   beginner   as she shows   understanding   of   the   NMC   code   of   professional   conduct   and has   some previous   work   experience   which   some   st udents   in   the   same   year   on   the   course   may   not   have. Honey and Mumford (1992) explore four different styles of learning which is a variation on kolbs model. It is thought whenever possible, it is essential to allow the students individual style of learning determine your choice of teaching. In seeking to explain kolbs model there are four different styles of learning they describe activists, pragmatists, theorists and reflectors. They also mention that although many people can be a mixture of the 4 styles they primarily had a preference for only one. When establishing the learning style of my student I became aware that she was an activist and also reflector. Preferring to observe and gain understanding of the theory and evidence based practise. Then showing a very hands on and experienced approach it became very apparent she preferred to be practical and experimental once she became comfortable with her surroundings. As outlined in her learnin g contract she was keen to meet her clinical outcome for administrating injections. The NMC standards for mentors (2008) states that students must spend forty percent of their placement with their mentor. This presented a problem as I had a numbers of annual study days which were mandatory and I had to attend. I discussed this with the student and explained other members of staff would oversee her learning outcomes whilst I was attending courses. This would be arranged well in advance so she knew who she would be placed with. She felt this arrangement was suitable as she would be given a chance to work with members of staff with differing experience and skill mix. This would also highlight the diversity in district nursing. I also felt this would enhance her experience within the team making her feel more comfortable with all the members of the team. Beskine (2009) suggests that starting off with a positive approach promotes the students experience as well as the quality of the plac ement. It was found by Pearcey and Elliot (2004) that students who have had negative experiences with their mentor and placements tend to leave the course before qualifying. Spoke placements with members of the multidisciplinary team were also discuss at this point and I gave her a list of recommend contact numbers and details.

Anthrax Essay -- essays research papers

Anthrax Vaccine: Safe and Effective, or Not? Intro: The Anthrax vaccine is a mandatory shot for military; while some people are willing to take the shot to save their lives, others believe if they take it, it will ruin theirs. I. The Anthrax Disease   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus Anthracis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. It primarily affects livestock, but can occasionally spread humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. The infection can be treated, but is almost always fatal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. The bacterium produces spores that lay dormant for years in soil and on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   animal products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. There are three different ways to contract this disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Cutaneous anthrax is the mildest of the disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. It is contracted through a cut on the skin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Inhalation anthrax is a rare and fatal form of the disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. This form of anthrax is usually fatal, even if treated, resulting in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   fatality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Another rare and fatal form of the disease is intestinal anthrax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. It is caused by eating meat of an animal that has died of anthrax. Transition: Now that you know what causes the disease lets talk about the vaccine. II. The Anthrax Vaccination   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A. The vaccine was developed in the 1950’s and 60’s and approved by the FDA in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the 1970’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. The vaccine is a cell- free filtrate, produced from a strain of anthrax that   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  evidence that it protects against inhaled anthrax.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B. I this case the vaccine cannot b given to service members   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  without informed consent except during an emergency. Transition: Now that you have heard about the vaccine’s downfall, lets review everything Conclusion: We now know that anthrax is a fatal bacterium that can be contracted without your knowing. We also know that the vaccine can protect you. It has been tested since 1965, because it is the leading biological agent for germ warfare. We also know that it had a lower number of adverse effects in comparison with 3 other vaccines. Even with all that, there are still reasons why some won’t take the vaccine, like a lack of testing. It hasn’t been tested to see if it causes cancer, infertility, or even protects you from inhaled anthrax. Both arguments can end with the same statement, â€Å"I don’t want to get anthrax,† The question is what you are willing to risk to save yourself.

Principles Of Personal Development Essay

Social workers follow certain standards that give guidance on ways of working that have been identified as good practice. These standards include: †¢ legal requirements (regulations) †¢ codes of practice †¢ national occupation standards (for training in different job roles) †¢ minimum standards Identify two standards for each of the different aspects of social care work listed below. see more:principles of personal development in adult social care settings Ai – Confidentiality and sharing information: 1. Legal Requirement: Data Protection Act 2. National Occupation Standards: Quality and Safety Aii – Equality and diversity: 1. Code of Practice: Equality Act 2. National Occupation Standards: Quality and Safety Aiii – Health and safety: 1. Legal Requirement: Manual Handling Regulations 2. Legal Requirement: Health and Safety at Work Act Aiv – Personal development: 1. National Occupation Standards: Quality and Safety 2. Codes of Practice: GSCC Av – Safeguarding and protection: 1. Codes of Practice: GSCC 2. National Occupation Standards: Quality and Safety Avi – Explain what a PDP is, and what it should include: A ‘PDP’ is a Personal Development Plan. A PDP is a written document that is agreed upon between you and or employer. A PDP will include information about what qualifications you have, training you have got and what training you still need to do. What goals you have set for yourself, what you feel you can improve on and what your employer thinks you need to improve on.  Avii – Identify three people who might be involved in providing information and feedback for a personal development plan: 1. Matron 2. Senior Staff 3. Service Users Aviii – List three different ways your own learning and development might be supported: 1. Appraisals 2. Encouraging feedback from senior members of staff/service users 3. Courses Aix – List four different ways that a personal development plan may benefit your learning and development: 1. Setting own realistic goals that helps you achieve the best you can 2. Organisation can help improve reaching time limits 3. Improvement can easily be achieved 4. Making sure you are reaching you goals and what you can do to change it Task B Case Study Jenna supports individuals living in their own homes and is having her first appraisal/review with her supervisor, Fatima. Fatima tells her that she can be trusted to use her own initiative, which is important because she works alone for much of the time. She is told that she is very reliable and caring. Feedback from individuals about her work is generally positive, but there has been a complaint from one service user who says he feels rushed and finds her manner rude. Jenna tells Fatima that she disapproves of some of his ways, which are against her beliefs, but had not realised that this showed in her attitude. Bi – Describe how Jenna should ensure that her personal attitudes and beliefs do not affect her work: Jenna needs to make sure that her personal believes are put aside, respecting the service users needs are more important than a personal opinion which may differ. Keeping work and personal life separate is crucial when working with others. Bii – Explain why it is important to reflect on your work activities: Reflecting on work activities is an important way for developing your knowledge and skills. Looking back on what you have done in the day will allow you to pick up on things you thought you could have done differently, find weaknesses and improve. Task C Reflective account Ci – Think of a learning activity you have taken part in that has improved your knowledge, skills and understanding. The activity may have been a training session, a demonstration of practice, learning a new skill or a research activity: Give a description of experience and how did this experience improve your knowledge, skills and understanding? When I first started in the caring industry I was lucky to have training in manual handling quite soon on, I was starting to feel my back hurting and finding it tricky to work together with the other carer when using the hoist/stand aid. After the training session I now know how to save my back from feeling the strain by make sure everything is in a good level reach and that communication when using the hoist and stand aid is important to both members of staff to reach the goal and for the service user to be safe. Cii – Think of an example of a time you have received feedback from others than has improved your knowledge, skills and understanding. This may have been from your assessor, tutor, a supervisor or line manager, or individuals using the service. Give a Description of feedback and how did this experience improve your knowledge, skills and understanding? When starting, feeding was one of my down falls. I used to get frightened I was going to choke someone, or course someone to aspirate. Whenever I could get information on individuals feeding habits I would make a point in asking. I would ask people for advice which really helped and would watch other people give feeding aid at lunch/dinner times. I received the best feedback on another carer when they showed me how they feed one individual, making sure you notice when they swallow. Ever since I have been more confident and I might still need improving in it, I do feel like I can safely feed someone.

Butler Lumber Essays

Butler Lumber Essays Butler Lumber Paper Butler Lumber Paper Why has Butler Lumber borrowed increasing amounts despite its consistent profitability? How has Mr.. Butler met the financing needs of the company during the period 1 988 through 1 990? (It would be helpful to develop a cash flow analysis (use vs.. Source) and the cash flow statement based upon the income statement and the balance sheet provided in the case for the period of 1988 to 1990. Through the period of 1988 to 1 990 Mark Butler has met the needs of financing through decreasing the amount of cash the company carries, by increasing bank loans, by increasing the size of accounts payable, and by carrying net income over into retained earnings. The needs of this cash was generated by the loan to Mr.. Stark as M. B. Needed this money to buy out Mr.. Starks share in the company, an increase in account receivable, an increase in inventories, and an increase in fixed assets. Working capital turned out to make up a use Of 68% during the years 1 988 to 1990. The buy out of Mr.. Stark made up 22% of the use of cash. Source bank note payable 49%, trading credit 28%, retained earnings 16%. All in all Mr.. Butler has been using the wrong sort of financing to raise funds. If you were to make a comparison as to how Mr.. Butler has been generating funds thus far it would be like financing a mortgage with a credit card. 2. Has the financial strength of Butler Lumber improved or deteriorated? The ratios show that the strength of Butler Lumber is slowly deteriorating. Their current ratio has been slowly going down from 1. To 1 2, if this continues it will only be a matter often until Butler Lumber will no longer be able to cover their current liabilities with their current assets. Along with this the company is growing more and more leveraged from 54. 5% in 1988 to 71. % in 1992. As their working capital decreased through the years and into the projection BAL average payment period is increasing from 35 days to 47 days. It will not be long until t heir vendors grow tired of the slow payments, not to mention the fact that BAL is not taking advantage of the vendors 2% discount by paying in ten days from the purchase. Bless times interest earned is growing smaller also. In 1988 Bless TIE figure was 3. 8 but now the estimated figure for 1992 is 1. 9. This means that Bless BIT is becoming increasingly lower relative to the interest that they must pay out on loans. . Does rapid sales growth always result in a need for substantial external finance? (Hints: exam asset management, does the efficiency of using assets at Butler align with its rapid sales growth? ) In this case MBA needed a loan to buy out Mr.. Starks interest so that in itself caused a need for external financing. Generally when companies experience rapid sales growth they do need substantial external financing. As sales increase accounts such as A/P, A/ R, and inventory always increase also, which creates a demand for more funds, for instance in net working capital. This is needed so that the business can operate smoothly, make their payments on time, absorb increases in accrued expenses, and meet the needs of countless other needs of cash that come along with increases in sales. The speed at which sales are growing is the reason why a company needs external financing, assuming that the company doesnt have a rich uncle with 4. How attractive is it to take the trade discounts? A 2% percent discount will result in a savings of $41000 in 1991 and $60,000 in 1 992, which will increase net income significantly to 58,000 in 1991 and $73,000 in 1992. The increased savings in net income will show up in retained earnings and will provide a source of cash for the coming year which will in turn reduce the amount of external financing that the company needs. The annual cost of not taking this discount works out to be 20% Once again this shows that Mr.. Butler is not using the best source of financing because he could take out a loan at a much lower rate of interest to pay his bills in 10 days and save quite a bit of money. 5. Do you agree with Mr.. Butlers estimate of the companys loan requirements? That is, will a credit line of $465,000 be sufficient to meet the Meanys needs beyond 1 991 if it takes the trade discounts? How much will Mr.. Butler need to finance the expected expansion in sales to $3. 6 million in 1991 and to take all trade discounts? (Develop projected income statement and balance sheet, and then estimate the financial needs. ) If MBA takes the 465,000 line of credit and does not take the trade discount he will be able to operate through the year of 1991 but he will need even more money to continue into 1992. By not taking the trade discount BAL will not be running very efficiently and their current ratio will continue to get worse. If Mr.. Butler does take the trade discount the projected external financing for 1991 is $666,000 so it seems that the 465 thousand line of credit will not be enough for BAL to continue experiencing the rapid growth. 6. Would you, as Mr.. Dodge, agree to lend Butler the money needed? This is a tough call based just upon these numbers. It seems a bit risky for the bank to extend this financing to BAL. I do not have industry figures or what the current home building growth is projected to be. It mentions in the book that MBA thinks that even if home building slows residential remodeling will continue to rive his sales. I think that Mr.. Dodge should recommend BAL to scale back sales growth to a more manageable rate. 33% sales growth per year is very high. History shows us growth at this rate never continues year after year. Additionally, growth at this rate generally causes financial problems and lower chances for the companys survival over the long run. As things are going right now Mr.. Dodge probably would not grant this loan. 7. What are the alternatives open to Mr.. Butler if Mr.. Dodge refuses his request for an increased credit line?

Everything You Need to Know About Website Localization

Everything You Need to Know About Website Localization The internet is the easiest and most widely used means of communication in the world today. People around the globe enjoy easy access to a vast array of information, so there is significant potential for expanding your audience and your market. As a result, many companies have taken the necessary steps to translating their webpages for foreign users. This practice is referred to as website localization.What does website localization entail? Localizing a website follows principles similar to localization in general, with some additional considerations for this particular medium.Localization 101The definition of localization is the practice of adjusting a products functional properties and characteristics to accommodate the language, cultural, political and legal differences of a foreign market or country. If youre bilingual, you may have seen a translated message which didnt have quite the same meaning as the original. Either you ran into a case of poor translation (which frequently h appens) or the message was adjusted to the cultural standards of the intended region.Localization is a major component of the translation process. A direct translation isnt always the best approach because each country has its own set of customs. These differences need to be taken into account. A few examples of common adaptations are the following:Numbers- Date and time formats, measurement systems, and currency vary between countries. Users of the metric system will be confused when they see measurements expressed in feet and pounds, and vice-versa. Some countries use a dd/mm/yyyy date format instead of mm/dd/yyyy. There are variations in currency formats as well. Localization involves recognizing the differences and making the appropriate conversions.Graphics- Images, icons, symbols, gestures, and even colors can have different meanings in different regions. What may be benign and harmless in one language may be offensive in another, so its recommended to perform research to avoi d unintentionally causing a negative controversy with the viewer.Idioms and Phrases- In many cases, a popular saying doesnt translate well to another language because the cultural subtext is lost in translation, in the process. The same goes for wordplay, jokes, internet memes, and so on. In those instances, the common solution is to find equivalents in the target language. Each country has a variety of idiomatic expressions, so you have a fair chance of finding a substitute which fits the original context in the localized version. In the worst case scenario, a short note explaining the context should be included.The process of localization is intended for the benefit of the target audience, and it is made commonplace in a variety of globalized media such as films, TV shows, books, video games, and, of course, websites. Therefore, when deciding the language(s) you want your content translated into, you should also decide which region(s) youre specifically targeting. For example, if you want to translate your website to Spanish, you should decide if your content is aimed at Mexico, Spain, or another Spanish-speaking country. By the same token, translating a foreign language to English leaves you with a choice between American or British English (or Canadian, Australian, or New Zealand English for that matter).Is localization worth the effort?A primary concern in website localization is the business aspect. Translation and localization efforts are costly, especially if your website is updated on a regular basis. If you include additional expenses such as domain purchasing, server costs, and site maintenance, then youll want to make sure youre getting the desired return from your localization efforts.If your site is a platform for goods and services, then make sure to study the international market. Is there sufficient demand for what youre offering? Can potential customers afford your product(s)? Are your transaction methods viable in the target country? Can you deliver your products efficiently? Are there any international laws or regulations that could potentially hinder your business?Even if your site isnt commercially-oriented, then you should still investigate the appeal of your content. Although the whole point of going global is to reach out to as many people as possible, you wont find the same level of interest everywhere, and you may not have enough resources to localize your site to every language under the sun. Check your site traffic, do some research on which regions show (or are likely to show) interest in your website. This will give you valuable insight into which languages may be worth the investment. I once translated a website with soccer as the main subject; this sport is exceptionally popular in Brazil, so a Portuguese version was a no-brainer. Baseball, on the other hand, would be a very different story.In short, knowing where your viewers are will help you to make the most of your localization efforts.Style guides an d glossariesWhatever the purpose of your website, its important to define the image youre going for. A style guide is basically a manual with guidelines for content creation. This document is used to maintain consistency in a variety of aspects such as design, format, tone, and code of conduct. A glossary is a list of terms and definitions used as a reference resource. In localization, a glossary will include terms and the desired translations for those particular terms.Since many words can be translated in multiple ways, a glossary is important to standardize your websites vocabulary. This creates brand consistency, which results in stronger marketing. For example, the famous McDonalds slogan im lovin it is always localized in Brazil as amo muito tudo isso. Even though there are several ways of translating the original text, those exact four words are consistently used in their promotional materials. As a result, the Portuguese slogan is associated with the brand as much as the Eng lish version. The effect would have been diluted if the slogan had been translated differently with each use.That said, its possible that you may not want a specific term translated at all. Although there are guidelines for localization, they arent set in stone. In some cases, you may want to preserve a term or slogan across different languages as part of your marketing strategy (like with Johnnie Walkers famous Keep Walking). This is precisely the kind of information that should be included in a style guide/glossary in order to maintain a unified vision across different branches of your site.For instance, when I worked on a website translation project a few years ago, I received an Excel spreadsheet with the terminology I was supposed to use. This allowed me to keep my translation and localization efforts in line with the standards set by the company. So I can vouch for the importance of such a resource.Keep your website intuitive and efficientA rule of thumb in web design is that your website should be easy to navigate. Naturally, this also applies to language selection; users should be able to switch to their language quickly if the option is available. Personally, Im an advocate of making site features as nonintrusive as possible. For example, Ive seen websites forcing me to select a region/language on the main page. While this is meant to be helpful, it actually frustrates me because it forces me to stop and choose. What if Im just fine with the default language? One alternative I can think of would be to add a language menu at the top of the page; it would be easy to spot, but it wouldnt interrupt your browsing. Ive also seen sites which automatically detect your region and display your language accordingly. There are also more complex and sophisticated solutions to website language selection.The website layout also needs to be flexible; depending on the language, the text length may increase or decrease, and even the writing format may change. Your site should be able to accommodate these changes without deviating from the basic layout and structure.Also, if your site is regularly updated, especially in multiple languages, you may want to look into using a content management system (CMS). A CMS is basically a web editor that allows authorized users to add, remove, and change aspects such as text, graphics, images, video, and audio. This is done in the browser itself, so updates will go live almost immediately. Although you may be faced with certain limitations inherent to a CMS, the convenience of being able to manage your content with minimum effort is well worth considering.Whether you use a CMS or not, the important point is that your site should be designed and coded to allow dynamic changes in a short period of time.International SEO is hard work, but it is a necessityThe main goal of Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is to make your website appear among the top results of an internet search. Making your site easy to find is e ssential to bring in new viewers; that alone can influence your entire content and design, and the effort is multiplied when you think about branching out to foreign markets. Consequently, you have to adopt a SEO strategy for each and every language your website is translated into.This is yet another reason to create a style guide/glossary for your website localization, as consistent terminology is one way of improving your websites relevance. Detailing a proper SEO strategy is beyond the scope of this post, but some tools such as Google Search Console can be helpful, and you could also enlist the services of an SEO agency. Nevertheless, if youre looking to expand your market, you should make sure foreign users will find your site just as easily as native users.In conclusionAll of this information can be a lot to digest, and it is just scratching the surface of website localization. But it is crucial in effectively designing and running a global business or site. Here are the main b ullet points:Know the cultural aspects of your target country and adjust your localization accordingly.Put together a style guide/glossary to maintain localization consistency.Focus on the languages of regions with significant demand for your content.Design your website to allow multiple language structures and dynamic content updating.Make browsing easy and intuitive, avoiding intrusive features.Adopt SEO strategies to make your site easy to find, even by foreign users.Localization isnt as simple as most people think, but it isnt too complicated either if you take the necessary steps. Take the time to plan out your localization strategy and you should not face many problems in the long run.

The Trends in Auto Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Trends in Auto Industry - Assignment Example The total number of cars and commercial vehicles produced in Japan in 2006 was 11,484,233. The same number was 1,508,358 for Russia, 11,263,986 for USA, 5,819,614 for Germany,   7,188,708 for China and 2,572,292 for Canada (â€Å"OICA >> Production Statistics†).The year 2008 will see a rise in the demand for eco-friendly cars especially in the USA which is the leading pollution causing the nation of the world. The infrastructure for supporting hydrogen car is being developed. Car companies like Toyota and Honda are aiming the hybrid markets. Honda has decided to lease more cars to individuals to get feedback for the future. In the year 1916 in Munich, Germany. In 1928 BMW acquired Eisenach vehicle factory and launched its first motorcar. The first car was an Austin Seven built under license(â€Å"Welcome to BMW Company Facts†). BMW is also the world’s largest manufacturer of luxury cars. The brands owned by BMW are BMW, MINI and Rolls-Royce. The BMW sales of un its in 2006 were 1,179,317 for BMW, 186,674 for MINI and 847 for Rolls-Royce. Its biggest buyers are European Union with 37% and the United States with a 22.8% share (â€Å"Welcome to BMW Company Facts†).

Stranger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Stranger - Essay Example Also it is acknowledged that every city has a character of its own and to understand a city, we have to understand its character and the contributing factors for that particular character. This is mainly trying to understand the cities, its mobility, movement and settlement and the connected tensions. It is interesting to analyse what exactly is a city. It is a beehive of transactions, a centre of old and new buildings and heritages, leading to nostalgia and modernity, a mobile point in geography where everything seems to be moving, changing and altering at a highly intense pace and nothing static anywhere. If a city has to be watched, it should be done by stepping back, removing self from the humming mainstream and watch it like a hawk in the sky and then the right perspective of the city emerges. The picture presented is stunning in its originality and every piece of it is melting only to solidify itself into another shape, colour and form. Hence, the watcher finds pre-diluted forms, diluting material, half diluted forms, fully diluted shapeless mass, half-formed pictures and then, totally altered new forms. It is a thriving enormous pulsating mass of various puzzles that are always on the move, anxious to attain the next form. For a stranger, city presents this confusing and p uzzling picture. The seemingly unruly aggressiveness of the society and its presented disorder threatens him. Mostly it is an outside pose and need not be true. "Constructions of 'disorder' and 'order' are inextricably linked, and in any given urban context they frequently appear as 'idealized imageries'. However, it is only in the company of strangers in city spaces that they are symbiotically realized," (Pile et al, p.135). City cannot have one geography or one history because it is a synthesizer of multiple geographies and histories. It is a merger of various backgrounds and diverse activities. It is also a tantaliser with new possibilities and newer interactions. It is true that cities could be understood and characterised only through their historical, social and global context and not individually removed and isolated. City has to be filled with myriad flows and connections like people, ideas, cultures, rituals, principles, social priorities etc. and only then as a mixture of all these interconnections it could be analysed. Cities do not shake off their history easily. Even if they attain hitherto unrecognised proportions, its history can be recognised in every corner of the city. "There are strong echoes of the past which remain forceful in representations of urban disorder which are dominant today through, for example, notions of 'dangerous classes' such as 'out of place'" (Pile et al, 1999, p.88). A stranger coming into a certain city could be a city dweller, belonging to another city, or an individual based in a rural community and hence, his reactions would be different to the city life depending on his own background. He could either be comparing it with his earlier city favourably or negatively and this would prejudice his outlook and adjusting capabilities. If he is from a rural region, his reactions would be of wonder, loathing, contempt, surprise and amazement. He might even feel threatened by the all-consuming power of the city, because cities have their own